We measured genetic diversity and structure of its populations using allozymes and examined the mating system using progeny arrays. It is subjected to a number of threats causing the populations to decline in number and size. Sinai Primrose (Primula boveana) is an endangered paleo-endemic to South Sinai, Egypt, where it is restricted to high-elevation year-round springs in red granitic rocks. Seed orchards designed to maximize cross-fertilization among unrelated individuals should be established to generate propagules to supplement natural populations. Ex situ germ-plasm collections should be made across the species' range to ensure a representative sample of its genetic variation. The priority of in situ conservation should be to conserve a few large well-distributed populations representing different Wadis. peregrina populations and to improve their ability to maintain or improve their population numbers. Direct protection is urgently needed to decrease genetic deterioration within M. peregrina has a mixed mating system with a selfing rate up to 16% and has limited genetic diversity within and significant genetic differentiation among its populations, the majority of which occurs among Wadis. Open-pollinated seedlings were electropho-retically analyzed to address two basic questions: (1) how is genetic diversity distributed within and among populations within these three Wadis and (2) what is the mating system of this species. peregrina were sampled from three disjunct Wadis in South Sinai (W. Ten populations harboring a total of 130 adult M. A long-term conservation program is urgently needed to maintain or increase the number and size of M. peregrina has become one of the most endangered tree species in the Egyptian desert ecosystem. Due to unmanaged grazing and over-collection, M. pere-grina seeds have been a source of high-quality oil for cosmetics and perfumes since antiquity. It is used medicinally, provides a highly nutritious supplement to Bedouin diets, provides fodder for livestock, and is used for fire wood. Moringa peregrina is an economically valuable tree of Egyptian deserts.
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